Causes and Effects of Scale Deposition in Water Supply Pipelines in Surakarta City, Indonesia

Deskripsi

Scale deposition in water supply pipelines is one of the major problems faced by water utilities in the world. This research aims to find causes and effects of scale deposition in water supply pipelines in Surakarta City, Indonesia, by water quality monitoring, elemental analysis of scale samples, and calcium scaling indicators. TDS, hardness, manganese, and alkalinity in groundwater were higher than surface water and spring water; thus, the supply areas from groundwater were identified using TDS at taps.